As Slowone said, we loaned them the money at favourable rates or became majority shareholders. In future those shares can be sold back to recoup the money with interest.
If either of those scenarios counts as a bailout then yes the govt did
Because they are not charities but businesses and have shareholders to answer to
Because the state pension is too low
Because people didn't save into their own pension as they trusted the state to look after them, etc, etc